The Modeling and System Identification module introduces students to the fundamental principles and methods used to represent, analyze, and identify dynamic systems. The course covers different types of models (mechanical, electrical, fluid, thermal, etc.) and explores how to build mathematical representations of physical processes. Students will learn to analyze system responses, apply identification techniques, and use optimization-based approaches to adjust models. Special emphasis is placed on the least-squares method, its properties, and recursive implementations for real-time applications. By the end of the course, students will have the theoretical and practical skills to develop accurate models and apply system identification techniques to engineering problems.